Tristram Shandy: Postmodern texts

Tristram Shandy: Postmodern texts Does Tristram Shandy demonstrate that there can be postmodern texts before Postmodernism? Laurence Sterne’s Tristram Shandy dominated the London literary marketplace during its serial publication from 1759-1767.   Like his contemporary writers, Sterne engages in debates concerning what we would now regard as the disciplinary boundary between literature and philosophy which has established its canonical status as a work of postmodern fiction.   It is difficult to ascribe, as many scholars have, to Tristram Shandy the title of ‘postmodern’.   To characterize this novel through a future literary movement which defines itself through the rejection of the principles of the previous movement is incongruous.   How can a novel which precedes postmodernism by over a century and a half reflect the cultural and political formations which sparked the movement itself?   However, Tristram Shandy does contain fictional and narrative elements which clearly invite comparison with the fiction of the postmodern movement. Born into the Augustan Age, Sterne’s discordant writing makes him seem out of place in his own era   Differing drastically from the contemporary imaginative literature of Defoe, Richardson and Fielding and the philosophical writing of Johnson, Tristram Shandy has been explained by critics as an example of ‘process writing’, a text presented in the very act of creation and change.   This analysis can be applied to Sterne himself; moving away from the Augustan poets and the sentimental writers, Sterne’s writing is termed postmodern because it is a rejection of realism, turning from the objectivity of external truth to examine inner states of consciousness.   Sterne’s novel clearly exhibits the postmodernist theory of metafiction, in which the writing self-consciously points to itself as an object in order to question the relationship between reality and fiction.   Sterne was certainly not alone in critiquing methods of narrative construction an d exploring the fictionality of the external world, but what sets Tristram Shandy apart from its contemporary fiction is the use of language as an arbitrary system.   The elements of Tristram Shandy which inspire comparisons with the postmodernist movement are clear: questioning the relationship between text and the self, and an argument for the constitutive power of language.   Postmodern scholars question the fundamental representation of identity and history itself, that is, history as what ‘really’ happened as opposed to history as an objective ‘narrative’ of what happened.   Sterne has a clear understanding of how some element of self-definition and identification is involved in the fictional writing process, and freely admits the element of autobiography in his writing.   ‘Tis †¦ a picture of myself’ he tells David Garrick in regards to Tristram Shandy (Letters 87).   The autobiographical element in Sterne’s writing suggests multiple definitions of the same reality, which depend upon perspectives rather than objective truth.   This comes across as a convoluted and fragmented narrat ive that confuses fiction and reality, narrative and truth. Tristram himself says of his father’s masterpiece, the Trista-paedia, ‘My father spun his, every thread of it, out of his own brain, or reeled and cross-twisted what all other spinners and spinster had spun before him’ (Sterne 93).   Sterne, like his character Tristram, spins his own narrative in an intricate and complex web, so convoluted and transparent that it is difficult to tell where it ends and he begins. Tristram Shandy clearly embodies this ambiguity between reality and representation through language.   James Swearingen writes that in Tristram Shandy ‘language does not just facilitate communication: it establishes the phenomenal horizon in which speakers and things spoken about are constituted’(Swearingten 117).   Tristram constructs his biography through textual language, which reveals itself to be an ambiguous rather than a concrete medium.   He admits that he is better associated with the text itself than the subject to which it refers.   Tristram’s escape from his inevitable death is described as a journey in which ‘life follows the pen’ (Sterne 754).   Once again returning to the autobiographical element of Sterne’s writing, if Tristram’s journey follows the pen, then he, like Sterne, is creating and documenting his own existence, shaping his narrative according to his liking rather than according to objective truth. At the same time that Sterne celebrates the constructive power of language, he reveals its ultimate failure.   Sterne was ‘concerned almost exclusively with the problem of communication among men’ wrote John Traugott, illuminating both the genius and failure of Sterne’s text.   When words fail, as they sooner or later do, communication becomes the business of sensibility.   ‘My uncle Toby looked brisk at the sound of the word siege, but could make neither head nor tail of it’ (Sterne 312).   Traugott concludes that Tristram Shandy seeks to re-establish a community where reason, in the form of language, threatens to destroy it (Traugott 15).   Rather than basing a notion of community upon concrete notions of order and hierarchy, the Shandy world is built on the unstable base of subjectivity.   ‘In Sterne’s world, each individual consciousness establishes itself at the centre of a universe of feeling and ignores any such thing a s objective reality, until the subject of Tristram Shandy finally seems to be the nature of fiction itself’ (Byrd 59).   Virginia Woolf has noted Sterne’s unexpected prose as a means of exploring a materialist critique of the conventions of the novel itself.   The jerky, disconnected sentences are as rapid and it would seem as little under control as the phases that fall from the lips of a brilliant talker †¦ The order of the ideas, their suddenness and irrelevancy, is more true to life than to literature †¦ Under the influence of this extraordinary style the book becomes semi-transparent.   The usual ceremonies and conventions which keep the reader and writer at arm’s length disappear (Woolf 79) Stylistically, Sterne’s novel deconstructs the narrative and linguistic form of the novel in favour of multiplicity and ambiguity. Indeed, the author’s preface is found in volume three, chapters are disordered, and symbols and blank pages are found throughout the book.   Playing with novelistic conventions, Sterne draws attention to the instability of the written form itself, paralleling the ambiguity of the text with the ambiguity of the self. Sterne uses reflection to expose the constructedness of his narrative, encouraging the reading to approach it not as subjective truth but as an aesthetic.   This is clearly apparent in the treatment of various forms of madness within the novel.   Madness figures prominently in Tristram Shandy.   The metaphor of madness appears in many critical discussion of the novel because helps to underscore the link between Sterne and his contemporary Augustan satirists, for whom the classical idea of madness as supernatural inspiration is missing.   Indeed, Sterne seems to anticipate the Romantic poets who, by contrast, represent madness as a sign of alienation, in which the faculty of imagination is the source of anxiety rather than creative freedom. In Tristram Shandy many kinds of madness are manifest.   Characters such as Toby and Walter serve simply as the necessary comic eccentricity, similar to the figure of Yorick to whom Tristram refers throughout his story.   Tristram, howe ver, cites John Locke as an explanation of why ‘my poor mother could never hear the †¦ clock wound up, but the thoughts of some other things unavoidably popped into her head’ (Sterne 39).   The ‘sort of unreasonableness’ which Locke describes is, ironically, the driving force behind Tristram’s unorderly pattern of narration.   Tristram clearly expresses Sterne’s own narrative technique: ‘By this contrivance the machinery of my work is of a species by itself; two contrary motions are introduced into it, and reconciled, which were thought to be at variance with each other.   In a word, my work is digressive, and it is progressive too, -and at the same time’ (Sterne 95).   Sterne questions what it means to live in a world in which the boundaries of the self and the body politic are redefined.   Challenging the conventions of body narrative form and philosophical notions of the self, Sterne questions, ‘is a man t o follow rules or rules to follow him?’ (Sterne, 583) One bibliographer described Tristram Shandy as ‘postmodernist in every sense except the moment in which it was written,’ and most critics have agreed.   However, despite the similarities between Sterne’s own engagement with philosophical and literary critique in his novel, it is impossible to call Tristram Shandy a postmodernist text, if purely for semantic reasons.   It is tempting to explain instances of extraordinary forms of artistic and critical reflection with the tools of the present, but this is a fallacy.   Sterne’s novel engages with the epistemological, philosophical and literary crises of his time, and cannot possibly be explained with a theory born out of the crises of the twentieth century.   As Tristram’s mother exclaimed, ‘L—d! †¦ what is all this story about? –‘ It is, and will remain, ‘A COCK and a BULL, †¦ And one of the best of its kind, I ever heard’ (Sterne 615). Works Cited Byrd, M. (1985) Tristram Shandy London: George Allen Unwin. Swearingen, J. (1977) Reflexivity in Tristram Shandy: An Essay in Phenomenological Criticism New Haven: Yale University Press. Sterne, L. (1967) The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, London: Penguin Classics. -(1775) Letters to his Friends on Various Occasions, London. Traugott, J. (1954) Tristram Shandys World: Sternes Philosophical Rhetoric. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press. Woolf, V. (1932) The Common Reader: Second Series. London: Hogarth Press.

Having Suffered A Heart Attack Health And Social Care Essay

This assignment ‘s purpose is, to give the reader a really precise apprehension of the medical journey, a male platinum aged 55 old ages of age named Matthew will travel through, after holding suffered a bosom onslaught ( acute myocardial infarction ) . That was diagnosed in infirmary five hours post patient ‘s initial symptoms while exigency intervention was being implemented. Information both via household and from medical professionals in respects to the platinum ‘s life style and the platinum ‘s consequences to allow medical appraisals, usher and find the way the platinum will medically venture down, towards recovery. Much of the information gathered about the platinum ‘s history will be subjective informations ; this significance information peculiar to our peculiar person that may or may non hold a bearing due to the exactitude, preciseness and proved current cogency ; the information is from the topic or topics household. Still the information mus t be considered. There will besides be information known as nonsubjective informations, intending information that is besides specific to the patient, but more precise, factual, mensurable, not opinionated and demonstrable from professionals in the medical field. The subject of pathophysiology will be explored in several facets associating to the platinum and giving ground to the platinum ‘s physical status and recent marks and symptoms. Management of the patient and his status, by single wellness attention professional ‘s and as collaborative squads and or squad in a holistic mode will be outlined and discussed. Finally of class the pharmacological sector of the platinum ‘s intervention will be delved into, to bespeak the rule characteristics and maps and possible side effects of medicines he was and may be prescribed. The subject of this assignment is highly of import and really relevant due to the current medical tendencies we have in Australia sing coronary art eria disease ( CAD ) , which is incorporated within cardio vascular disease ( CVD ) . â€Å" Cardiovascular disease ( CVD ) A is the taking cause of decease in Australia, accounting for 34 % of all deceases in Australia inA 2006. Cardiovascular disease kills one Australian about every 10 proceedingss. † . † ( Heart Foundation of Australia 30/05/09 ) . â€Å" It is estimated that about 4 % of the population over 45 old ages have chronic HF [ Heart Failure ] . Cardiovascular disease is one of the chief causes of decease in both Australia and New Zealand, the incidence dramatically increases with progressing age and, as the aged population additions, HF incidence and prevalence will increase. HF histories for about 2 % of all deceases and is the 3rd largest cause of cardiovascular-related decease. The life-time hazard of developing HF has been estimated at around 20 % for Western states. The addition in prevalence of HF in Australia and New Zealand has been attributed to the ripening of the population, improved endurance from bosom onslaught, and the increased prevalence of diabetes and fleshiness in the population and the wider usage of sensitive diagnostic engineering. † ( Brown & A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009 pg 883 )PATHOPHYSIOLOGYIn the bulk of bosom failure state of affairss, the left ventricle non working as it should, Cardio Vascular Disease ( CVD ) . â€Å" Three of the more common causes of reduced LV contractility include coronary arteria disease, aortal stricture and systemic high blood pressure † ( Phipps Sands & A ; Marek 6th ed.1999 pg 700 ) . â€Å" Systolic failure, the most common cause of HF, consequences from an inability of the bosom to pump blood. It is a defect in the ability of the ventricles to contract ( pump ) . The left ventricle ( LV ) loses it ‘s ability to bring forth adequate force per unit area to chuck out blood frontward through the hard-hitting aorta. † ( Brown & A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009 pg 884 ) Co ronary arteria disease lowers the Black Marias ability to contract through being the cause of less oxygenated blood being delivered to the chondriosome of the sarcostyles. In aortal stricture, where there is noticeable narrowing of the aortal lms the left ventricle demands to pump harder to acquire the needed volume of blood through the now limited valve. With systemic high blood pressure, where the overall blood force per unit area is already higher than norm, the left ventricle must supply more force per unit area than this overall blood force per unit area to win in pumping out its volume or at least a valid per centum. What finally happens when the left ventricle can non pump out the needed sum of blood ; is blood staying in the left ventricle causes extra blood to stay in the left atrium besides. The effect of excess blood is blood endorsing up into the pneumonic circulation. All this extra blood increases the force per unit area in the pneumonic capillaries coercing blood into the interstitium so the air sac compromising gaseous exchange. High pneumonic force per unit areas negatively effects the blood flow from the right ventricle to the lungs, ensuing in less blood being oxygenated aˆÂ ¦ a barbarous rhythm of deoxygenated blood easy hungering the organic structure of O and taking to an Acute Myocardial Infarction ( AMI ) . The authoritative marks and symptoms that was noticeable with the patient. Was being short of breath and being visible radiation headed after a really small sum of physical activity, which usually the platinum could accomplish without any emphasis. This represents a deficiency of O being circulated finally doing a rise in respiratory rate and visible radiation headedness due to low sums of O to the encephalon. â€Å" Dyspnea, an unnatural uncomfortable consciousness of external respiration, occurs when high pulmonary force per unit areas force fluid out of the pneumonic capillaries into the air sac. The fluid in the air sac interferes with effectual gas exchange. † ( Phipps Sands & A ; Marek 6th ed.1999 pg 702 ) â€Å" Dyspnoea ( shortness of breath ) is a common manifestation of chronic HF. It is caused by increased pneumonic force per unit areas secondary to interstitial and alveolar hydrops. Dyspnoea can happen with mild effort or at remainder † . ( Brown & A ; Edwar ds 2ed. 2009 pg 887 ) It makes sense that Matthew our patient was reported to holding felt nauseous and uncomfortable in his thorax after devouring his dinner. His digestive system would be necessitating oxygenated blood to map and his bosom evidently was non able to provide that. Hence feeling nauseated, due to the lessening in cardiac end product ( CO ) impairing perfusion to critical variety meats such as his tummy and bowels. Pain and or disfunction would be noticeable when the peculiar organ ‘s demands for more oxygenated blood additions. ( Brown & A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009. pg 887 ) An hr subsequently Mathew ‘s symptoms worsen, increasing in badness. His thorax strivings are much worse and are besides radiating down his left arm. â€Å" Heart Failure can precipitate chest hurting because of reduced coronary perfusion from decreased CO and increased myocardial work. Anginal-type hurting may attach to HF. † ( Brown & A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009. pg 888 ) During the execution of exigency interventions, Matthew was diagnosed as holding had an acute myocardial infarction AMI. Information was so gathered both via Matthew his household and via physical medical scrutiny.The information gathered by word of oral cavity through inquiries in interview from Matthew and his household are classified as subjective, of import but ca n't be proven without a shadow of a uncertainty. The information collected via the physical scrutiny is current and can be proven hence classified as aim. Either manner all the information can be categorised as modifiable ( M ) or non modifiable ( NM ) ; mutable or non mutable. The undermentioned appraisal findings are recorded and will now be identified as M or NM. These findings will play a function making the beginnings of a valid attention program. Data is as follows, ‘A history of coronary arteria disease, specifically high blood pressure ‘ This is really of import due to his past being now revisited may give us an thought as to what may hold happened and or a prevue of things yet to come. Data classified as NM because it ca n't be changed, you ca n't alter your yesteryear. ‘States he late stopped taking his antihypertensives as he ‘felt better † . This information decidedly has a bearing because non taking this medicine would raise Matthews blood force per unit area and increase his high blood pressure which in bend additions his Black Marias work load and perchance puting his bosom up to neglect ensuing in AMI. Data classified as M because it can be changed, Matthew could take his medicine. ‘Mother besides has high blood pressure ‘ . Proposing this status being inherited and the particulars of the high blood pressure may be similar, casting visible radiation on what is being dealt wi th by Matthew, perchance salvaging much valuable clip as to the way to be investigated. Data classified NM, because cistrons can non be altered. ‘States he is marginal diabetic ‘ Diabetes – Peoples with diabetes have a two to eight times greater hazard of bosom failure compared to those without diabetes. Womans with the status have a greater hazard of bosom failure than work forces with diabetes. Part of the hazard comes from the disease ‘s association with other bosom failure hazard factors, such as high blood force per unit area, fleshiness, and high cholesterin degrees. The disease procedure besides amendss the bosom musculus. ( Symptoms of bosom disease, n.d. ) Heart failure should, nevertheless, be suspected in anyone presenting with a history of new oncoming weariness, hydrops or shortness of breath. This is peculiarly the instance if the patient has a background of diabetes, chronicrenal damage, ischemic bosom disease, high blood pressure. ( Brady.S, n.d. ) This tells us, if true, that diet will be of paramount importance because diet is an of import direction therapy for both HF and Diabetes. Diet instruction and weight direction are critical to the patient ‘s control of chronic HF. The nurse or dietician should obtain a elaborate diet history, finding non merely what foods the patient chows and when but besides sociocultural value of nutrient. ( Brown & A ; Edwards 2ed. 2009. pg 894 ) Data classified as NM if Matthew is truly without uncertainty diabetic, that ca n't be changed but can be adapted to. ‘Overweight but late lost 5kg ‘ . Because it is, late lost 5 kilogram, it could be as a consequence of him being ailing, but from here onwards his diet will be an indispensable portion of his overall attention program. The diet will hold to be specifically tailored to decrease his fleshiness, and will besides hold to suit his diabetic demands it will likely hold to be low Na low fat and be alert of sugars, to ass ist him in respects to his HF position. Data classified as M, can and must alter. ‘Rarely exercises ‘ detrimental in respects to HF and how he got to where he now is, but his physical activity will hold to be minimised until he is in a healthier place, to so get down remodelling his life style with exercising, ( monitored of class ) , to better his wellness and understate the opportunities of HF re-occurring. Data M aˆÂ ¦very mutable, from inactive to active bit by bit. ‘Has smoked 15-20 cigarettes/day for the past 18 old ages ‘ . This would hold had an inauspicious affect on both Matthews ‘s pneumonic system and cardiovascular system ; smoking deprives the organic structure of O because blood will transport C monoxide in penchant to oxygen plus smoking destroys many of the air sac that absorbs the O for gaseous exchange therefore the lungs are absorbing less O overall for the organic structure, therefore holding damaging consequences on musculuss including the bosom. â€Å" Smoking surcease may non straight cut down BP, but markedly reduces overall cardiovascular hazard. The hazard of myocardial infarction is 2-6 times higher and the hazard of shot is 3 times higher in people who smoke than in non-smokers † ( HeartFoundation.2010 ) .Data M aˆÂ ¦Matthew can be helped to discontinue smoke this is modifiable behavior. ‘Has 3 teenage kids who are doing jobs ‘ This job is a stress direction job, there have been many surveies done, covering this affair and a Psychologist would be the best port of call to assist Mathew cover with this emphasis. â€Å" Family demands chiefly affect lovingness and supplying for kids of married employees. Number of dependent kids is an nonsubjective index of the degree of household demands ( Rothausen, 1999 ) . † ( International Journal of Stress Management 2008 ) Data M this subjective informations can be altered but more specifically can be adapted to by get bying mech anisms being applied aˆÂ ¦ ! ‘Recently experient loss of best friend and concern spouse who died from malignant neoplastic disease ‘ . Besides another emphasis get bying job needed, and would best be suited for a psychologist ‘s expertness. Even though the platinum ‘s nurse would likely hold more contact hours with the platinum aˆÂ ¦this is where wellness attention professionals can join forces, work together as a squad for the platinum ‘s ultimate end, of working better and perchance being discharged. Data M the heartache can be dealt with through a assortment of possible intercessions, so this state of affairs is non inalterable, it is decidedly modifiable. ‘ Oppressing substernal thorax hurting radiating down his left arm and giddiness. Pain mark: 9/10'.This is a text book description of what it feels like to be enduring from an Acute Myocardial Infarction as is described in many pathophysiology texts. â€Å" The hurting typically is terrible and suppression, frequently described as being compressing, smothering or like, â€Å" person sitting on my thorax. † The hurting normally is substernal, radiating to the left arm, cervix, or jaw, although it may be experienced in other countries. Unlike that of angina, the hurting associated with AMI is more drawn-out and non relieved by remainder or nitro-glycerine, and narcotics often are required. † ( Porth.C. 2007 pg 395 ) â€Å" Data M this hurting is a tell narrative that an Acute Myocardial Infarction is in procedure. This hurting is frequently mistaken for dyspepsia and is treated with hydrogen carbonate, alkalizers or even pain slayers which in bend could detain seeking professional medical attending. Siting the individual up with legs lower than the bosom, even swinging the legs may give some alleviation prior to medical attending geting. By understating the Black Marias work load via decreasing venous return. ‘Physical scrutiny ‘ Objec tive information is as follows. Diaphoresis, abruptly of breath and sickness. Diaphoresis [ sudating ] is sometimes due to wound or unnatural cells of the bosom motivating the production of pyrogen. This causes the hypothalamus to react to a higher set point, the hypothalamus initiates heat production behaviors ( shuddering and vasoconstriction ) hence the profuse perspiration, anxiousness the feeling of pending day of reckoning, I am certain plays a function in this excessively. â€Å" Many non-infectious upsets, such as myocardial infarction, pneumonic emboli, and tumor ‘s green goods febrility. † ( Porth.C.2007 pg 288 ) Short of breath or Dyspnea can be because of myocardial infarction oncoming because blood is endorsing up into the pneumonic system and holding an inauspicious consequence on the lungs [ alveoli ] being able to absorb O and interchanging it for C dioxide, which so makes one short of breath because O is low and even C dioxide is low so the trigger to d o one breath is besides non available Dyspnea in this instance is a respiratory manifestation † due to congestion of the pneumonic circulation and is one of the major indicants of left sided bosom failure. † ( Porth.C.2007 pg 426 Nausea is a feeling of unwellness aˆÂ ¦that is sometimes a precursor to purging. â€Å" Perform complete appraisal of sickness, including frequence, continuance, badness, and precipitating factors, to be after appropriate intercessions. † ( Brown & A ; Edwards. 2009. Pg1065 ) â€Å" Nausea often is accompanied by ANS manifestations such as watery salivation and vasoconstriction with pallour, sudating, [ perspiration ] and tachycardia. Nausea may work as an early warning signal of a diseased process. † ( Porth.C. 2007 pg 602 ) . Possibly even an acute myocardial infarction. Diaphoresis, Dyspnea and Nausea are all M, O therapy, cold compress, organic structure positioning i.e. sitting up – pillows support- take downing li mbs and giving antiemetic if ordered ; to modify these symptoms. The implicit in cause of the symptoms will depend on physician diagnosing perchance drug therapy or surgery.BP 165/100 mmHg – Pulse rate 120 beats/min – Respiratory rate 26 breaths/min.Bp is rather high this tells us that the force per unit area is high but the ground could be many, could be that the individual is by and large hypertensive, in the procedure of holding an episode of HF, or on drugs that are doing vasodialation of arterias or rushing up the bosom and many many more possible grounds, the most serious being HF. Pulse rate is besides really high this rate is such you would be anticipating the person to be running non at remainder ; the bosom would merely be working this difficult at rest if there was something incorrect, rather perchance oncoming of HF. Body non having adequate O ; musculuss, major variety meats, including encephalon being starved of O and finally the bosom being a musculus wo uld get down experiencing the effects. Respiratory rate is elevated besides, stand foring the organic structure seeking to do up an O debt. All these symptoms can be minimised and a certain sum of comfort can be achieved, so data classified as M. Through O therapy, stockings, take downing limbs and sitting up. O2 Impregnation: 94 % on room air. Is non improbably low but oxygen therapy via rhinal prongs would decidedly be good at no higher than 4 liters per minute to acquire O2 impregnation over 95 % . So this would be considered modifiable M. Electrocardiogram: A premature ventricular contraction with ST lift in anterior thorax leads V1-V3. Signifies a left front tooth wall myocardial infarction. This could mean that the left anterior falling coronary arteria is occluded

Bioethical Principles in Medical Science Essay

The principlist approach to biomedical ethics is understood on the basis of two central theses. The first thesis is that moral principles are non-absolute and that they do not occur in a determinate order of precedence. This means that every single principle is prima facie. These prima facie principles are; beneficence, respect for autonomy, non-maleficence and justice. The second central thesis, usually called the global applicability thesis, posits that the four prima facie principles derived from common morality make principlism universally applicable. Analysis of ethical questions based on the biomedical principles of ethics is central to moral reasoning while at the same time respects exigencies of circumstance and liberates pluralism (Beauchamp & Childress 14; Herissone-Kelly 65). Since this application of ethical principles is sensitive to moral beliefs encountered in everyday lives, it forms the basis of ethics in biomedical practice. It acts as a guide to action even though the four principles do not operate in a determinate order of precedence. In attempting to discern the ethics of physician assisted suicide one central question comes into mind. Is assisted suicide morally justified? In a nutshell, assisted suicide or more specifically, physician assisted suicide, refers to a case where the patient has ended his life either with a lethal dose or any other medically provided instrument after the patient requested for the lethal dosage from the physician who provided the dosage for the specific reason of ending the life. The difference between euthanasia and assisted suicide is that in the case of euthanasia, it is the physician who administers the lethal dose or withdraws the life support system because the patient in question is unable to administer the same to him/herself. Thus, the difference lies in the difference in who makes the action that precedes death. In assisted suicide, it is the patient who acts last. The choice of taking the lethal dosage or pushing the button that will terminate life solely rests with the patient and they have the capacity to alter their decision before their actions become irreversible. Even though the physician plays a causal role in both; the patient kills him/herself in assisted suicide while in the latter, it is the physician who kills the patient. This difference creates an intrinsic moral difference between the two. This brings into question the principle of respect for autonomy. The moral principle of respect for autonomy refers to a patient’s freedom of liberty or choice interests. However, it should not be confused with an all-for-nothing phenomenon. Gradations of autonomy and its interpretation in different circumstances are variable. A patient’s autonomy can be interfered with when there is excessive control (too much interference with the patient’s decisions) or when there is too little interference (neglect of the patient). Respect for an individual’s autonomy is also threatened in cases where an individual’s right contravenes another individual’s freedom of choice and their actions (Brent 40). With respect to assisted suicide, the patient in question having satisfied the qualifications of making an informed consent can request the causal assistance of the physician to carry out actions that directly lead to their death. In such a case, professional codes of ethics bind physicians to respect the patient’s rights to self determination by unobstructing the conditions for the operation of an autonomous action such as: intentionality, understanding, and the complete absence of any controlling influence. In a situation where all these conditions are met and the physician dutifully performs their causal roles, physician assisted suicide is ethically correct. This is so because so long as the patient’s rights are supported it automatically follows that ethical permissibility of assisted suicide is also granted (Weir 89; http://www. deathreference. com/). In cases whether the patient is suffering from a treatable clinical depression or dementia which impair the decision making capacity of the patient, the right to self determination do not apply (http://www. inclusiondaily. com/). The moral principle of Non maleficence hold that a person should not do harm. It specifically holds that one should have the capacity to discern actions that are morally harmful. However, there is controversy as determining the intention behind an action. At the same time, determining whether an intentional or unintentional action refrains from action harms or puts the subject at a risk of harm. The moral principle of beneficence entails the following obligations: to prevent harm, to eliminate harm, and to do good. These three conditions characterize the measures taken by medical practitioners to balance the components of risks, harms and benefits. Beneficence therefore encompasses professional, personal and societal obligations (Brent 41). The principle of beneficence largely builds on the foundational principle of non maleficence. In this case assisted suicide is ethically permissible on the basis of an individual’s well being. It can be argued that in such a case, to promoting and protecting the patients well being may be contradictory to the patient’s right to self determination. However, this is not so. Life is often is perceived as being good and its value is a product of our pursuit of goods within life itself. In an assisted suicide scenario, a person who is fully competent to reach a decision decides that life sustaining treatments no longer has any benefit but has become a burden. Most of these patients are often critically ill, dying or in a very debilitated and severely compromised state. If such patients request the means to end their lives, it is in line with non maleficence or beneficence because such an act is value to the patient’s life. Unless if the patient is unable to reach a competent decision and the dictatorial authority transferred to a surrogate, the right of self determination stands and is not in contradiction to the principles of non maleficence and maleficence(Weir 90). Moreover, such a decision is only ethical if it does not infringe on the moral and professional values of the physician. Additionally, assisted suicide is an act of compassion that eliminates further suffering and pain. Refusal to grant the patient their claim or entitlement is akin to putting them to unbearable suffering. Finally, the moral principle of justice simply refers to fairness. It is the act of receiving one’s due; entitlement or claim. Distributive justice concerns itself with how fairly benefits can be allocated and distributed. Basically, four considerations guide moral justice. For instance, an equal share, according to a persons need, according to a person’s effort, and lastly, according to societal contribution (Brent 42). Physician assisted suicide is supported by the moral principle of justice in the context of â€Å"treat like cases alike† (http://depts. washington. edu/). When competent but terminally ill patients request lethal dose medications or refuse life sustaining treatments with the sole purpose of hastening death, it is only just that they should be granted their claim. However, these arguments are only suitable when the ethics of assisted suicide is analyzed on a basis of the biomedical ethical principles. Works Cited BBC News. Assisted suicide ‘danger’ claim. April 20, 2009. http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8008736. stm Beauchamp, Tom L, & Childress, James F. Principles of biomedical ethics. Oxford University Press, 2001; 1-23 Brent, Nancy J. Nurses and the law: a guide to principles and applications. 2nd Edition. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2000; 40-47 Reynolds, Dave. Assisted Suicide’s For Mental Illness, Too, Swiss Court Rules. Euthanasia, Assisted Suicide, Eugenics, Bioethics. Inclusion Daily Express. February 5, 2007. http://www. inclusiondaily. com/archives/07/02/05/020507sweuth. htm Encyclopedia of Death and Dying. Bioethics. http://www. deathreference. com/A-Bi/Bioethics. html Harrison-Kelly, Peter. The Principlist approach to bioethics, and its stormy journey overseas. in, â€Å"Scratching the surface of bioethics†, By Matti Hayry, Tuija Takala. Rodopi Press, 2003; 65-72 Physician-Assisted Suicide. Ethics in Medicine. University of Washington School of Medicine. http://depts. washington. edu/bioethx/topics/pas. html Weir, Robert F. Physician-assisted suicide. Indiana University Press, 1997; 86-97

Critique of Ada and Affirmative Action Paper - 751 Words

Critique of ADA and Affirmative Action Paper BSHS/422 September 3, 2012 Susan Sandmann Critique of ADA and Affirmative Action Paper Discrimination within the place of work has been a concern for a long time now. Despite the fact that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits companies from showing favoritism to employees on account of their sex, age, race, and disability. Various employers continue to demonstrate this style of performance through the hiring procedure. American Disabilities Act also known as ADA was another organization put into effect after Affirmative Action. ADA is designed to defend and protect those individuals with disabilities. Both Affirmative Action and ADA were designed to create and uphold equality within†¦show more content†¦Disability is identified as a bodily or cerebral mutilation that significantly restricts one or more of an individual’s foremost life actions by the ADA. Companies are required formulate logical accommodations for individuals whom are disabled except if the outcome creates hardship for the companies every day functions. Hardships are considered things such as tremendous costs or involve considerable difficulty. Pros and Cons The purpose of Affirmative Action is to promote equality, personally this is one that I can respect because I am African American and if it were not for this law those before me would not have come this far. Affirmative Action has helped to produce a varied and compliant civilization. Although affirmative Action has been scrutinized as repeal discrimination amongst its reviewers, for those who has benefited from it would view it as them being handed a better opportunity in life. Even though the objective of Affirmative Action is to uphold equality, the same idea can occasionally result in other individuals being singled out. By making the focal point on hiring a specific amount of person’s on the basis of their race or ethnicity, extremely competent individuals are from time to time overlooked in the employment procedure. Hiring based upon a person’s race, age, sex, or religion is unfair and should not be the qualifying aspect. Individuals who are living with disabilities areShow MoreRelatedFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDavid Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesER NS IO HR Planning and Analysis †¢ HR Planning †¢ Job Analysis †¢ HR Information and Assessment Systems EN VI R O NM L TA EN Employee and Labor/Management Relations Equal Employment Opportunity †¢ Compliance †¢ Diversity †¢ Affirmative Action †¢ HR Policies †¢ Employee Rights and Privacy †¢ Union/Management Relations S IZ E Health, Safety, and Security †¢ Health and Wellness †¢ Safety †¢ Security GOALS †¢ Productivity †¢ Quality †¢ Service Staffing †¢ Job Analysis †¢ RecruitingRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesthat the company would have to attract quality employees with desirable achievement opportunities instead of job security policies.19 Welch, who was widely regarded as one of the most visionary and effective CEOs, was strongly criticized for his actions as indicated in the following passage: Welch says that when he took over, the need for change was obvious, and he moved quickly. He was vilified as heartless in his zeal to reshape the corporation by eliminating jobs, earning himself the nicknameRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association Read MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesAre Most Effective? 416 †¢ Power and Perceived Justice 416 Dependence: The Key to Power 416 The General Dependence Postulate 416 †¢ What Creates Dependence? 417 Power Tactics 418 Sexual Harassment: Unequal Power in the Workplace 421 Politics: Power in Action 424 Definition of Organizational Politics 424 †¢ The Reality of Politics 424 Causes and Consequences of Political Behavior 426 Factors Contributing to Political Behavior 426 †¢ How Do People Respond to Organizational Politics? 429 †¢ Impression Management